In 1884, Angelo Moriondo of Turin, Italy, demonstrated the first working example of an espresso machine.
SHORTENING
shortening
(noun) act of decreasing in length; “the dress needs shortening”
shortening
(noun) fat such as butter or lard used in baked goods
Source: WordNet® 3.1
Noun
shortening (countable and uncountable, plural shortenings)
(US, cooking) Fat that is solid at room temperature, such as margarine or lard (not usually used of butter), used to make shortcrust pastry.
verbal noun of shorten - a reduction in length.
Antonyms
• extension
• lengthening
Verb
shortening
present participle of shorten
Anagrams
• Heringtons
Source: Wiktionary
Short"en*ing, n.
1. The act of making or becoming short or shorter.
2. (Cookery)
Definition: That which renders pastry short or friable, as butter, lard, etc.
SHORTEN
Short"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shortened ; p. pr. & vb. n. Shortening.] Etym: [See Short, a.]
1. To make short or shorter in measure, extent, or time; as, to shorten distance; to shorten a road; to shorten days of calamity.
2. To reduce or diminish in amount, quantity, or extent; to lessen; to abridge; to curtail; to contract; as, to shorten work, an allowance of food, etc. Here, where the subject is so fruitful, I am shortened by my chain. Dryden.
3. To make deficient (as to); to deprive; -- with of. Spoiled of his nose, and shortened of his ears. Dryden.
4. To make short or friable, as pastry, with butter, lard, pot liquor, or the like. To shorten a rope (Naut.), to take in the slack of it.
– To shorten sail (Naut.), to reduce sail by taking it in.
Short"en, v. i.
Definition: To become short or shorter; as, the day shortens in northern latitudes from June to December; a metallic rod shortens by cold.
Source: Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary 1913 Edition
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COVERT
(adjective) secret or hidden; not openly practiced or engaged in or shown or avowed; “covert actions by the CIA”; “covert funding for the rebels”
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