In 1511, leaders in Mecca believed coffee stimulated radical thinking and outlawed the drink. In 1524, the leaders overturned that order, and people could drink coffee again.
ROUGHING
Verb
roughing
present participle of rough
Source: Wiktionary
ROUGH
Rough, a. [Compar. Rougher; superl. Roughest.] Etym: [OE. rou, rou, row, rugh, ruh, AS. r; akin to LG. rug, D. rug, D. ruig, ruw, OHG. r, G. rauh, rauch; cf. Lith. raukas wrinkle, rukti to wrinkle. sq. root 18. Cf. Rug, n.]
1. Having inequalities, small ridges, or points, on the surface; not smooth or plain; as, a rough board; a rough stone; rough cloth. Specifically: (a) Not level; having a broken surface; uneven; -- said of a piece of land, or of a road. "Rough, uneven ways." Shak. (b) Not polished; uncut; -- said of a gem; as, a rough diamond. (c) Tossed in waves; boisterous; high; -- said of a sea or other piece of water. More unequal than the roughest sea. T. Burnet.
(d) Marked by coarseness; shaggy; ragged; disordered; -- said of dress, appearance, or the like; as, a rough coat. "A visage rough." Dryden. "Roughsatyrs." Milton.
2. Hence, figuratively, lacking refinement, gentleness, or polish. Specifically: (a) Not courteous or kind; harsh; rude; uncivil; as, a rough temper. A fiend, a fury, pitiless and rough. Shak. A surly boatman, rough as wayes or winds. Prior.
(b) Marked by severity or violence; harsh; hard; as, rough measures or actions. On the rough edge of battle. Milton. A quicker and rougher remedy. Clarendon. Kind words prevent a good deal of that perverseness which rough and imperious usage often produces. Locke.
(c) Loud and hoarse; offensive to the ear; harsh; grating; -- said of sound, voice, and the like; as, a rough tone; rough numbers. Pope. (d) Austere; harsh to the taste; as, rough wine. (e) Tempestuous; boisterous; stormy; as, rough weather; a rough day. He stayeth his rough wind. Isa. xxvii. 8. Time and the hour runs through the roughest day. Shak.
(f) Hastily or carelessly done; wanting finish; incomplete; as, a rough estimate; a rough draught. Rough diamond, an uncut diamond; hence, colloquially, a person of intrinsic worth under a rude exterior.
– Rough and ready. (a) Acting with offhand promptness and efficiency. "The rough and ready understanding." Lowell. (b) Produced offhand. "Some rough and ready theory." Tylor.
Rough, n.
1. Boisterous weather. [Obs.] Fletcher.
2. A rude fellow; a coarse bully; a rowdy. In the rough, in an unwrought or rude condition; unpolished; as, a diamond or a sketch in the rough. Contemplating the people in the rough. Mrs. Browning.
Rough, adv.
Definition: In a rough manner; rudely; roughly. Sleeping rough on the trenches, and dying stubbornly in their boats. Sir W. Scott.
Rough, v. t.
1. To render rough; to roughen.
2. To break in, as a horse, especially for military purposes. Crabb.
3. To cut or make in a hasty, rough manner; -- with out; as, to rough out a carving, a sketch. Roughing rolls, rolls for reducing, in a rough manner, a bloom of iron to bars.
– To rough it, to endure hard conditions of living; to live without ordinary comforts.
Source: Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary 1913 Edition
Recent Word Finds
Word of the Day
1 April 2025
ANYMORE
(adverb) at the present or from now on; usually used with a negative; “Alice doesn’t live here anymore”; “the children promised not to quarrel any more”
Coffee Trivia
