subpoena, subpoena ad testificandum
(noun) a writ issued by court authority to compel the attendance of a witness at a judicial proceeding; disobedience may be punishable as a contempt of court
subpoena
(verb) serve or summon with a subpoena; “The witness and her records were subpoenaed”
Source: WordNet® 3.1
subpoena (plural subpoenas or subpoenae or subpoenæ)
(legal, historical) A writ requiring a defendant to appear in court to answer a plaintiff's claim.
(legal) A writ requiring someone to appear in court to give testimony.
The most common plural form is subpoenas. Subpoenae is a hypercorrection as the word is not derived from a Latin noun *subpœna, *subpœnæ, but from the Latin phrase sub pœna, and therefore has no Latin plural.
• witness summons (British)
subpoena (third-person singular simple present subpoenas, present participle subpoenaing, simple past and past participle subpoenaed)
(transitive) To summon with a subpoena.
• base upon
Source: Wiktionary
Sub*poe"na, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. sub under + poena punishment. See Pain.] (Law)
Definition: A writ commanding the attendance in court, as a witness, of the person on whom it is served, under a penalty; the process by which a defendant in equity is commanded to appear and answer the plaintiff's bill. [Written also subpena.] Subpoena ad testificandum (. Etym: [NL.] A writ used to procure the attendance of a witness for the purpose of testifying.
– Subpoena duces tecum (. Etym: [NL.] A writ which requires a witness to attend and bring certain documents.
Sub*poe"na, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subpoenaed; p. pr. & vb. n. Subpoenaing.] (Law)
Definition: To serve with a writ of subpoena; to command attendance in court by a legal writ, under a penalty in case of disobedience.
Source: Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary 1913 Edition
3 February 2025
(adjective) possessed by inordinate excitement; “the crowd went crazy”; “was crazy to try his new bicycle”
The Boston Tea Party helped popularize coffee in America. The hefty tea tax imposed on the colonies in 1773 resulted in America switching from tea to coffee. In the lead up to the Revolutionary War, it became patriotic to sip java instead of tea. The Civil War made the drink more pervasive. Coffee helped energize tired troops, and drinking it became an expression of freedom.
