gruffing
present participle of gruff
Source: Wiktionary
Gruff, a. [Compar. Gruffer (; superl. Gruffest.] Etym: [D. grof; akin to G. grob, OHG. gerob, grob, Dan. grov, Sw. grof, perh. akin to AS. rcófan to break, Z. reavc, rupture, g- standing for the AS. prefix ge-, Goth. ga-.]
Definition: Of a rough or stern manner, voice, or countenance; sour; surly; severe; harsh. Addison. Gruff, disagreeable, sarcastic remarks. Thackeray.
– Gruff"ly, adv.
– Gruff"ness, n.
Source: Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary 1913 Edition
16 May 2024
(noun) a system of economic regulation: wages and interest are tied to the cost-of-living index in order to reduce the effects of inflation
The first coffee-house in Mecca dates back to the 1510s. The beverage was in Turkey by the 1530s. It appeared in Europe circa 1515-1519 and was introduced to England by 1650. By 1675 the country had more than 3,000 coffee houses, and coffee had replaced beer as a breakfast drink.
